Pfeiffer, Tobias (2016)
Molecular simulations of lipid bilayers in interactions with gold nanoparticles.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Masterarbeit, Erstveröffentlichung
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
Gold nanoparticles are interesting candidates for medical applications like markers in imaging methods and targeted drug delivery, especially to cancer cells. Unfortunately, many gold nanoparticles have been found to be cytotoxic even for healthy cells. For an application in humans the origin and the factors of this cytotoxicity need to be well understood. In the recent years, many studies have been conducted on nanoparticle cytotoxicity and cellular nanoparticle uptake. Most of them focussed on the penetration of cell membranes and the nanoparticle uptake mechanism. However, there is not much known about the influence of nanoparticles on the properties of intact membranes even though this information is crucial for the assessment of the risk that the use of nanoparticles bears when organisms or the environment are inadvertently exposed to them. The main reason for the lack of knowledge in this field is that there are very few experimental techniques that are able to provide information about the interactions and processes between nanoparticles and cell membranes on the small time and length scales of picoseconds and nanometers. This makes the design of experiments challenging and this is why in this case molecular simulations are a reasonable alternative to experiments. They can provide the information on the small scales in necessary detail to give a better understanding of the general nature of nanoparticle-membrane interactions and to investigate the origin of effects seen in experiments. In this work, coarse-grained molecular simulations were used to investigate the influence of small alkanethiolate-coated gold nanoparticles on the properties of lipid bilayers as a model for cell membranes. In the simulations three different lipid bilayers in water consisting of pure 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholin (POPC), pure 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (POPG) and a mixture of the two in molar ratio 1:1 were used. Both lipids are monounsaturated and identical in structure except for their head groups. POPC has a zwitterionic neutral head group, while POPG has a negative one. Additionally, two different gold nanoparticles, one with a positively and one with a negatively charged coating were used. The gold cores of both nanoparticles consisted of 79 gold atoms in the shape of a truncated octahedron with 38 alkanethiolate chains connected to the surface via their sulphur atoms. The gold core had a diameter of 1.2 nm while the diameter with the coating was around 4 nm. The MARTINI model was used for the simulations, which maps 4 heavy atoms into one single interaction site. This coarse-graining made the necessarily long time and length scales of the simulations accessible while preserving the relevant chemistry of the systems. All simulations featured a lipid bilayer in water in the middle of the simulation box with one or more nanoparticles placed in the water above the bilayer. Simulations of the bilayers in the absence of nanoparticles were used for model validation and as a reference for unperturbed membranes. Small systems with 10 × 10 nm bilayer patches with all six possible combinations of the two nanoparticles and three lipid bilayers were used to investigate nanoparticle attachment to the membranes. They showed that electrostatic interactions are guiding the nanoparticle attachment on the lipid bilayers and that there is a weaker and a stronger state of attachment. In the weaker state the head groups of the lipids are in contact with the ligand coating while they are in contact with the sulphur atoms and the gold core in the stronger binding state. The stronger binding state was reached via the metastable weaker one and only for the cationic nanoparticle on the two negatively charged bilayers (POPC/POPG and POPG). Bigger simulations with 40×40 nm membrane patches and four or 16 nanoparticles were used to investigate the influence of the nanoparticles on the structural properties of the bilayers. The nanoparticles perturbed the density profiles of the bilayers and reduce dlipid order in their close neighborhood, but only in the lipid layer facing them. The influence is stronger for the stronger binding states. The opposing lipid layer was almost unaffected. However, no influence of the nanoparticles on the area per lipid or the membrane thickness was observed. The calculation of radial distribution functions showed that the nanoparticles changed the local composition of the mixed bilayer due to a preference of POPG over POPC in contact with the nanoparticles. This demixing also causes the nanoparticles to form dynamic structures on the membrane surface, in which the average distance between the nanoparticles is reduced. It remains unclear if this is the clustering of nanoparticles on membranes observed in experiments. The simulations with 16 nanoparticles also showed that nanoparticles reduce the lateral motion of lipids in the bilayer globally and on a molecular level. This has previously been observed in experiments and a formation of lipid-rafts under the nanoparticles was proposed as a possible explanation. The simulations were able to show that lipids close to nanoparticles tend to bind to them for a longer time and therefore diffuse with a reduced rate. However, the raft-like domains around the nanoparticles are not rigid but instead dynamic structures with a steady exchange of lipids between the raft and its surrounding. Summarizing, the simulations were not only able to reproduce the experimental results and effects but also to give insights in the underlying processes that have not yet been observed in experiments.
Typ des Eintrags: | Masterarbeit | ||||
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Erschienen: | 2016 | ||||
Autor(en): | Pfeiffer, Tobias | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Erstveröffentlichung | ||||
Titel: | Molecular simulations of lipid bilayers in interactions with gold nanoparticles | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | van der Vegt, Prof. Nico ; Dalgicdir, Dr. Cahit | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 1 Juli 2016 | ||||
Ort: | Darmstadt | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 15 Juli 2016 | ||||
URL / URN: | http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/5512 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | Gold nanoparticles are interesting candidates for medical applications like markers in imaging methods and targeted drug delivery, especially to cancer cells. Unfortunately, many gold nanoparticles have been found to be cytotoxic even for healthy cells. For an application in humans the origin and the factors of this cytotoxicity need to be well understood. In the recent years, many studies have been conducted on nanoparticle cytotoxicity and cellular nanoparticle uptake. Most of them focussed on the penetration of cell membranes and the nanoparticle uptake mechanism. However, there is not much known about the influence of nanoparticles on the properties of intact membranes even though this information is crucial for the assessment of the risk that the use of nanoparticles bears when organisms or the environment are inadvertently exposed to them. The main reason for the lack of knowledge in this field is that there are very few experimental techniques that are able to provide information about the interactions and processes between nanoparticles and cell membranes on the small time and length scales of picoseconds and nanometers. This makes the design of experiments challenging and this is why in this case molecular simulations are a reasonable alternative to experiments. They can provide the information on the small scales in necessary detail to give a better understanding of the general nature of nanoparticle-membrane interactions and to investigate the origin of effects seen in experiments. In this work, coarse-grained molecular simulations were used to investigate the influence of small alkanethiolate-coated gold nanoparticles on the properties of lipid bilayers as a model for cell membranes. In the simulations three different lipid bilayers in water consisting of pure 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholin (POPC), pure 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1’-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (POPG) and a mixture of the two in molar ratio 1:1 were used. Both lipids are monounsaturated and identical in structure except for their head groups. POPC has a zwitterionic neutral head group, while POPG has a negative one. Additionally, two different gold nanoparticles, one with a positively and one with a negatively charged coating were used. The gold cores of both nanoparticles consisted of 79 gold atoms in the shape of a truncated octahedron with 38 alkanethiolate chains connected to the surface via their sulphur atoms. The gold core had a diameter of 1.2 nm while the diameter with the coating was around 4 nm. The MARTINI model was used for the simulations, which maps 4 heavy atoms into one single interaction site. This coarse-graining made the necessarily long time and length scales of the simulations accessible while preserving the relevant chemistry of the systems. All simulations featured a lipid bilayer in water in the middle of the simulation box with one or more nanoparticles placed in the water above the bilayer. Simulations of the bilayers in the absence of nanoparticles were used for model validation and as a reference for unperturbed membranes. Small systems with 10 × 10 nm bilayer patches with all six possible combinations of the two nanoparticles and three lipid bilayers were used to investigate nanoparticle attachment to the membranes. They showed that electrostatic interactions are guiding the nanoparticle attachment on the lipid bilayers and that there is a weaker and a stronger state of attachment. In the weaker state the head groups of the lipids are in contact with the ligand coating while they are in contact with the sulphur atoms and the gold core in the stronger binding state. The stronger binding state was reached via the metastable weaker one and only for the cationic nanoparticle on the two negatively charged bilayers (POPC/POPG and POPG). Bigger simulations with 40×40 nm membrane patches and four or 16 nanoparticles were used to investigate the influence of the nanoparticles on the structural properties of the bilayers. The nanoparticles perturbed the density profiles of the bilayers and reduce dlipid order in their close neighborhood, but only in the lipid layer facing them. The influence is stronger for the stronger binding states. The opposing lipid layer was almost unaffected. However, no influence of the nanoparticles on the area per lipid or the membrane thickness was observed. The calculation of radial distribution functions showed that the nanoparticles changed the local composition of the mixed bilayer due to a preference of POPG over POPC in contact with the nanoparticles. This demixing also causes the nanoparticles to form dynamic structures on the membrane surface, in which the average distance between the nanoparticles is reduced. It remains unclear if this is the clustering of nanoparticles on membranes observed in experiments. The simulations with 16 nanoparticles also showed that nanoparticles reduce the lateral motion of lipids in the bilayer globally and on a molecular level. This has previously been observed in experiments and a formation of lipid-rafts under the nanoparticles was proposed as a possible explanation. The simulations were able to show that lipids close to nanoparticles tend to bind to them for a longer time and therefore diffuse with a reduced rate. However, the raft-like domains around the nanoparticles are not rigid but instead dynamic structures with a steady exchange of lipids between the raft and its surrounding. Summarizing, the simulations were not only able to reproduce the experimental results and effects but also to give insights in the underlying processes that have not yet been observed in experiments. |
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Alternatives oder übersetztes Abstract: |
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Freie Schlagworte: | Gold Nanoparticles molecular dynamics simulations lipid bilayers membranes POPC POPG | ||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-55128 | ||||
Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 07 Fachbereich Chemie > Eduard Zintl-Institut > Fachgebiet Physikalische Chemie 07 Fachbereich Chemie > Computational Physical Chemistry 07 Fachbereich Chemie |
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Hinterlegungsdatum: | 10 Jul 2016 19:55 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 10 Jul 2016 19:55 | ||||
PPN: | |||||
Referenten: | van der Vegt, Prof. Nico ; Dalgicdir, Dr. Cahit | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 15 Juli 2016 | ||||
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