Kavimani Nagar, Prabhu (2016)
Development of Novel Methodologies to Characterize Polyolefins
using Multi-dimensional High Temperature Liquid Chromatography.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dissertation, Erstveröffentlichung
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
Developments in polyolefin catalysis during the last 50 years made it possible to synthesize polymer with a vastly improved control of regio- and stereo-selectivity, branching (their number and length) and the order, in which the monomers are incorporated into a polymer chain. At the same time, this created the need to develop appropriate and more comprehensive analytical methodologies for their molecular characterization. The molecular heterogeneities in polyolefins can to a large extent be defined by the molecular mass distribution (MMD), chemical composition distribution (CCD) and stereo-regularity distribution (SRD). Recently, HT-HPLC in the form of High Temperature Solvent Gradient Interaction Chromatography (HT-SGIC) has become an emerging technique to determine the CCD of polyolefins. The interrelationship between the distributions with regard to composition and molar mass can be studied by hyphenating HT-LAC and HT-SEC. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to develop improved quantitative methodologies to separate complex polymer, which are broadly distributed with regard to both composition and molar mass using HT 2D-LC. The research presented in this thesis is divided into four parts. Upon giving a concise synopsis on the state of the art and the results, the conclusions will be summarized for each part separately. In the first part a methodology was developed to separate bimodal high density polyethylene (BiHDPE) (non-polar polyolefins) into its constituents, HDPE and LLDPE, by using HT-SGIC. A stepwise optimization of the HT-HPLC chromatographic parameters, comprising gradient slope and temperature was carried out using model homo- and copolymers of ethylene. The goal was to minimize the impact of the molar mass on the composition separation. Then separation achieved by the developed HT-HPLC was further optimized via hyphenation with HT-SEC. The effects of column temperature, the volume of the HT-HPLC fractions injected into the HT-SEC and the separation efficiency of the HT-SEC were investigated. Bimodality was observed for the first time in both HT-HPLC and HT-SEC dimension for BiHDPE in HT 2D-LC. This was achieved by using a low transfer volume of 100 μL, a HT-SEC column with high theoretical plate number (N11000) and by providing sufficient time for one HT-SEC analysis. To achieve quantitative information the evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) was replaced by an infrared (IR) detector and BiHDPE was analyzed by HT 2D-LC. Yet, to fully use the potential of IR detection for HT 2D-LC in the case of BiHDPE several chromatographic parameters had to be carefully optimized. With each fraction transfer from the HT-HPLC into the HT-SEC dimension in HT 2D-LC, a small amount of 1-decanol (solvent plug) is injected, with the amount depending on the gradient. Since the IR detector used here is tuned to the stretching vibration of the methyl and methylene groups, 1-decanol causes an intense broad peak in the chromatograms which may significantly overlap with the polymer peak when a column of low plate number (N4500) is used. Thus, to separate the solvent peak from the polymer fractions over the entire range of molar mass a HT-SEC column of high theoretical plate number, (N11000) was required. Also, an optimum transfer volume between HT-HPLC and HT-SEC dimension and volume for an individual HT-SEC analysis was identified. By employing these conditions the solvent peak and the polymer peak were baseline separated in all HT-SEC traces of BiHDPE. As a result the contour plot from HT 2D-LC→IR exhibited a two spot regime, reflecting the HDPE and LLDPE component of BiHDPE. A comprehensive calibration with regard to molar mass, composition, and concentration of the HT 2D-LC system was carried out, which revealed the presence of oligomers (down to 500 g/mol) originating from HDPE and the presence of polymer fractions ranging over a 1-butene content from 0 to 6.5 mol %. To gain a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular heterogeneities present in polyolefins chromatographic separation (HT-HPLC/HT-SEC) can be off-line hyphenated with 13C NMR (off-flow HT-HPLC/HT-SEC→13C NMR). For the case of BiHDPE, the comonomer content is very low. This might make on-flow HT-LC→13C NMR complicated, due to solvent suppression, and is an almost stringent argument to work off-flow. To achieve this for the first time a portable automatic fraction collector (PAFC) was designed which enables to work over a wide temperature range (20 – 220 °C) and can be plugged in at a series of HT-LC instruments. Using the PAFC fractions were collected from HT-SEC of BiHDPE and analyzed off-line by 1H NMR. The fractions obtained using the PAFC from HT-SEC exhibited a narrow dispersity of 1.08 – 1.5. 1H NMR investigation on the fractions showed that the comonomer content is enriched in the medium and high molar mass region. This PAFC can be customized for a wide range of operating conditions with regard to temperature and number of fractions. The long term perspective would be to use the designed PAFC (working temperature 20 – 220 °C) for off-flow hyphenation of LC techniques (SGIC, TGIC, 2D-LC)→13C NMR for in depth analysis of structural heterogeneities in polyolefins. Polyolefins impose a limit on several applications due to their low surface energy and poor compatibility/reactivity with other polar polymers. Analogously, their adhesion to materials like wood, metals, or reinforcing fibers requires special attention. Most of these difficulties can be resolved by introducing polar functionalities or by grafting suitable polar monomers to polyolefins. The chemical modification of polypropylene using reactive extrusion has been an area of intense interest and the grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) on polypropylene (PP) is of high commercial relevance. The application properties of these products are, for a given overall composition, determined by their molar mass distribution (MMD) and chemical composition distribution (CCD). Despite the fact that various analytical techniques have been applied in the past to characterize functionalized polyolefins, the challenge of determining the bivariate distribution of such reaction products remained unsolved. This creates the need for an analytical technique which can separate functionalized polyolefins according to their degree of functionalization. Two samples of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride, PP-g-MA1 and PP-g-MA1.7 with an average MA content of 1 and 1.7 mol %, respectively, were chosen for the investigations. By using HT-SEC→FTIR via the LC-Transform interface it could be shown that the grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) occurred primarily in the low molar mass part of the polypropylene (PP) for both PP-g-MA samples. Although a compositional separation could be achieved via CRYSTAF, the selectivity of such a crystallization based approach is not sufficient for both PP-g-MA samples. Yet, using HT-HPLC with silica gel as stationary phase and a solvent gradient decalincyclohexanoneG-10 min at 140 °C both PP-g-MA samples could be separated into a functionalized and a non-functionalized portion. The separation was confirmed by analyzing the fractions with FTIR spectroscopy. HT 2D-LC→IR enabled for the first time to investigate the bivariate distribution of PP-g-MA. The obtained contour plot exhibited a baseline-separated two spot regime, reflecting the grafted and non-grafted component. From the contour plots it could be shown that the two PP-g-MA samples are comparable with regard to the amount of grafted material in them. Yet, a higher degree of grafting is accompanied by a lower molar mass of the grafted portion. Contrary to that the MMD of the polypropylene of both samples was similar i.e., hardly affected by the graft reaction. The developed analytical methodology may be highly useful for developing more efficient processes of functionalization, and the analytical information can be applied to derive structure↔property relationships for functionalized polyolefins. All of the above studies on HT-SGIC and HT 2D-LC focused on controlling the separation of the macromolecules using porous graphitic carbon as stationary phase and applying a solvent gradient at a constant temperature. To understand the separation selectivity and mechanism and to use this knowledge to improve the resolution in separation in HPLC of polymers, it is important to gain insight into the nature of interaction between polymer and sorbent. Raman spectroscopy, which is sensitive to the morphology of carbon materials, was utilized for the first time to provide direct evidence for the interaction between the hydrocarbon and the surface of porous graphite (Hypercarb™) at room and high temperature. The characteristic bands of graphite (G-, D- and 2D-band) were probed with regard to their sensitivity towards the interaction between hydrocarbons and the surface of Hypercarb™. The essential criteria for choosing the analyte/solvent were low volatility, and absence of solvent bands in the G-band region. Alkanes (n-decane, n-dodecane and 2-methylundecane) were chosen as model analytes as they are oligomers of PE and dissolvable at room temperature. It was observed that an increase in chain length led to an increased shift of the G-band i.e., stronger interactions (HypercarbTM/n-decane vs. n-dodecane). Analogously, the introduction of short alkyl branches reduced the interactions (HypercarbTM/n-decane vs. 2-methylundecane). The approach was extended to the system Hypercarb™/n-decane/PE at 155 °C. The Raman spectrum of Hypercarb™/n-decane/PE at 155 °C in solution shows a shift in both the G and 2D band position of 13 cm-1 and 19 cm-1 respectively. This shift confirms the existence of van der Waals interactions between the analyte (PE) and HypercarbTM. This same principle holds good potential to understand and rank the interactions between sorbent/solvent systems in the future. The long term perspective would be to use Raman spectroscopy as a fast screening tool to select the most suitable mobile phase for separations of analytes with porous graphite by interaction based chromatographic techniques. The above work augments the understanding of the compositional separation of macromolecules with the help of HT-HPLC and opens new possibilities for the compositional separation of complex macromolecules. The development of a separation of bimodal HDPE using HT 2D-LC→IR aids in determining the molecular heterogeneity of BiHDPE. The development of a PAFC (working temperature window 20 – 220 °C) extends the application potential of chromatography in elucidating the structure of the complex polymer materials. The newly developed HT-SGIC separations for functionalized PP could be further extended to other functionalized polyolefins for achieving separations based on grafting and non-grafting. The Raman study increased the understanding of interactions in the system PE/graphite/solvent in solution at high temperature (155 °C). This knowledge could be utilized to better control the separations by interaction based chromatography techniques.
Typ des Eintrags: | Dissertation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erschienen: | 2016 | ||||
Autor(en): | Kavimani Nagar, Prabhu | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Erstveröffentlichung | ||||
Titel: | Development of Novel Methodologies to Characterize Polyolefins using Multi-dimensional High Temperature Liquid Chromatography | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | Matthias, Prof. Dr. Rehahn ; Markus, Prof. Dr. Busch ; Barbara, Prof. Dr. Albert ; Rolf, Prof. Dr. Schaefer | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 24 Juni 2016 | ||||
Ort: | Darmstadt, Germany | ||||
Kollation: | PhD thesis | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 23 Mai 2016 | ||||
URL / URN: | http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/5547 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | Developments in polyolefin catalysis during the last 50 years made it possible to synthesize polymer with a vastly improved control of regio- and stereo-selectivity, branching (their number and length) and the order, in which the monomers are incorporated into a polymer chain. At the same time, this created the need to develop appropriate and more comprehensive analytical methodologies for their molecular characterization. The molecular heterogeneities in polyolefins can to a large extent be defined by the molecular mass distribution (MMD), chemical composition distribution (CCD) and stereo-regularity distribution (SRD). Recently, HT-HPLC in the form of High Temperature Solvent Gradient Interaction Chromatography (HT-SGIC) has become an emerging technique to determine the CCD of polyolefins. The interrelationship between the distributions with regard to composition and molar mass can be studied by hyphenating HT-LAC and HT-SEC. The aim of the work presented in this thesis was to develop improved quantitative methodologies to separate complex polymer, which are broadly distributed with regard to both composition and molar mass using HT 2D-LC. The research presented in this thesis is divided into four parts. Upon giving a concise synopsis on the state of the art and the results, the conclusions will be summarized for each part separately. In the first part a methodology was developed to separate bimodal high density polyethylene (BiHDPE) (non-polar polyolefins) into its constituents, HDPE and LLDPE, by using HT-SGIC. A stepwise optimization of the HT-HPLC chromatographic parameters, comprising gradient slope and temperature was carried out using model homo- and copolymers of ethylene. The goal was to minimize the impact of the molar mass on the composition separation. Then separation achieved by the developed HT-HPLC was further optimized via hyphenation with HT-SEC. The effects of column temperature, the volume of the HT-HPLC fractions injected into the HT-SEC and the separation efficiency of the HT-SEC were investigated. Bimodality was observed for the first time in both HT-HPLC and HT-SEC dimension for BiHDPE in HT 2D-LC. This was achieved by using a low transfer volume of 100 μL, a HT-SEC column with high theoretical plate number (N11000) and by providing sufficient time for one HT-SEC analysis. To achieve quantitative information the evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) was replaced by an infrared (IR) detector and BiHDPE was analyzed by HT 2D-LC. Yet, to fully use the potential of IR detection for HT 2D-LC in the case of BiHDPE several chromatographic parameters had to be carefully optimized. With each fraction transfer from the HT-HPLC into the HT-SEC dimension in HT 2D-LC, a small amount of 1-decanol (solvent plug) is injected, with the amount depending on the gradient. Since the IR detector used here is tuned to the stretching vibration of the methyl and methylene groups, 1-decanol causes an intense broad peak in the chromatograms which may significantly overlap with the polymer peak when a column of low plate number (N4500) is used. Thus, to separate the solvent peak from the polymer fractions over the entire range of molar mass a HT-SEC column of high theoretical plate number, (N11000) was required. Also, an optimum transfer volume between HT-HPLC and HT-SEC dimension and volume for an individual HT-SEC analysis was identified. By employing these conditions the solvent peak and the polymer peak were baseline separated in all HT-SEC traces of BiHDPE. As a result the contour plot from HT 2D-LC→IR exhibited a two spot regime, reflecting the HDPE and LLDPE component of BiHDPE. A comprehensive calibration with regard to molar mass, composition, and concentration of the HT 2D-LC system was carried out, which revealed the presence of oligomers (down to 500 g/mol) originating from HDPE and the presence of polymer fractions ranging over a 1-butene content from 0 to 6.5 mol %. To gain a comprehensive knowledge of the molecular heterogeneities present in polyolefins chromatographic separation (HT-HPLC/HT-SEC) can be off-line hyphenated with 13C NMR (off-flow HT-HPLC/HT-SEC→13C NMR). For the case of BiHDPE, the comonomer content is very low. This might make on-flow HT-LC→13C NMR complicated, due to solvent suppression, and is an almost stringent argument to work off-flow. To achieve this for the first time a portable automatic fraction collector (PAFC) was designed which enables to work over a wide temperature range (20 – 220 °C) and can be plugged in at a series of HT-LC instruments. Using the PAFC fractions were collected from HT-SEC of BiHDPE and analyzed off-line by 1H NMR. The fractions obtained using the PAFC from HT-SEC exhibited a narrow dispersity of 1.08 – 1.5. 1H NMR investigation on the fractions showed that the comonomer content is enriched in the medium and high molar mass region. This PAFC can be customized for a wide range of operating conditions with regard to temperature and number of fractions. The long term perspective would be to use the designed PAFC (working temperature 20 – 220 °C) for off-flow hyphenation of LC techniques (SGIC, TGIC, 2D-LC)→13C NMR for in depth analysis of structural heterogeneities in polyolefins. Polyolefins impose a limit on several applications due to their low surface energy and poor compatibility/reactivity with other polar polymers. Analogously, their adhesion to materials like wood, metals, or reinforcing fibers requires special attention. Most of these difficulties can be resolved by introducing polar functionalities or by grafting suitable polar monomers to polyolefins. The chemical modification of polypropylene using reactive extrusion has been an area of intense interest and the grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) on polypropylene (PP) is of high commercial relevance. The application properties of these products are, for a given overall composition, determined by their molar mass distribution (MMD) and chemical composition distribution (CCD). Despite the fact that various analytical techniques have been applied in the past to characterize functionalized polyolefins, the challenge of determining the bivariate distribution of such reaction products remained unsolved. This creates the need for an analytical technique which can separate functionalized polyolefins according to their degree of functionalization. Two samples of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride, PP-g-MA1 and PP-g-MA1.7 with an average MA content of 1 and 1.7 mol %, respectively, were chosen for the investigations. By using HT-SEC→FTIR via the LC-Transform interface it could be shown that the grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) occurred primarily in the low molar mass part of the polypropylene (PP) for both PP-g-MA samples. Although a compositional separation could be achieved via CRYSTAF, the selectivity of such a crystallization based approach is not sufficient for both PP-g-MA samples. Yet, using HT-HPLC with silica gel as stationary phase and a solvent gradient decalincyclohexanoneG-10 min at 140 °C both PP-g-MA samples could be separated into a functionalized and a non-functionalized portion. The separation was confirmed by analyzing the fractions with FTIR spectroscopy. HT 2D-LC→IR enabled for the first time to investigate the bivariate distribution of PP-g-MA. The obtained contour plot exhibited a baseline-separated two spot regime, reflecting the grafted and non-grafted component. From the contour plots it could be shown that the two PP-g-MA samples are comparable with regard to the amount of grafted material in them. Yet, a higher degree of grafting is accompanied by a lower molar mass of the grafted portion. Contrary to that the MMD of the polypropylene of both samples was similar i.e., hardly affected by the graft reaction. The developed analytical methodology may be highly useful for developing more efficient processes of functionalization, and the analytical information can be applied to derive structure↔property relationships for functionalized polyolefins. All of the above studies on HT-SGIC and HT 2D-LC focused on controlling the separation of the macromolecules using porous graphitic carbon as stationary phase and applying a solvent gradient at a constant temperature. To understand the separation selectivity and mechanism and to use this knowledge to improve the resolution in separation in HPLC of polymers, it is important to gain insight into the nature of interaction between polymer and sorbent. Raman spectroscopy, which is sensitive to the morphology of carbon materials, was utilized for the first time to provide direct evidence for the interaction between the hydrocarbon and the surface of porous graphite (Hypercarb™) at room and high temperature. The characteristic bands of graphite (G-, D- and 2D-band) were probed with regard to their sensitivity towards the interaction between hydrocarbons and the surface of Hypercarb™. The essential criteria for choosing the analyte/solvent were low volatility, and absence of solvent bands in the G-band region. Alkanes (n-decane, n-dodecane and 2-methylundecane) were chosen as model analytes as they are oligomers of PE and dissolvable at room temperature. It was observed that an increase in chain length led to an increased shift of the G-band i.e., stronger interactions (HypercarbTM/n-decane vs. n-dodecane). Analogously, the introduction of short alkyl branches reduced the interactions (HypercarbTM/n-decane vs. 2-methylundecane). The approach was extended to the system Hypercarb™/n-decane/PE at 155 °C. The Raman spectrum of Hypercarb™/n-decane/PE at 155 °C in solution shows a shift in both the G and 2D band position of 13 cm-1 and 19 cm-1 respectively. This shift confirms the existence of van der Waals interactions between the analyte (PE) and HypercarbTM. This same principle holds good potential to understand and rank the interactions between sorbent/solvent systems in the future. The long term perspective would be to use Raman spectroscopy as a fast screening tool to select the most suitable mobile phase for separations of analytes with porous graphite by interaction based chromatographic techniques. The above work augments the understanding of the compositional separation of macromolecules with the help of HT-HPLC and opens new possibilities for the compositional separation of complex macromolecules. The development of a separation of bimodal HDPE using HT 2D-LC→IR aids in determining the molecular heterogeneity of BiHDPE. The development of a PAFC (working temperature window 20 – 220 °C) extends the application potential of chromatography in elucidating the structure of the complex polymer materials. The newly developed HT-SGIC separations for functionalized PP could be further extended to other functionalized polyolefins for achieving separations based on grafting and non-grafting. The Raman study increased the understanding of interactions in the system PE/graphite/solvent in solution at high temperature (155 °C). This knowledge could be utilized to better control the separations by interaction based chromatography techniques. |
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Alternatives oder übersetztes Abstract: |
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Freie Schlagworte: | liquid chromatography, bimodal HDPE, PP-g-MA, ELSD, IR, HT 2D-LC | ||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-55473 | ||||
Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): | 400 Sprache > 420 Englisch 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 540 Chemie 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften > 660 Technische Chemie 700 Künste und Unterhaltung > 730 Plastik, Numismatik, Keramik, Metallkunst |
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Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 07 Fachbereich Chemie | ||||
Hinterlegungsdatum: | 26 Jun 2016 19:55 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 26 Jun 2016 19:55 | ||||
PPN: | |||||
Referenten: | Matthias, Prof. Dr. Rehahn ; Markus, Prof. Dr. Busch ; Barbara, Prof. Dr. Albert ; Rolf, Prof. Dr. Schaefer | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 23 Mai 2016 | ||||
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