Veith, Andreas (2011)
Sulfur Oxygenase Reductases - A Structural and Biochemical Perspective.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dissertation, Erstveröffentlichung
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
Sulfur oxygenase reductases (SORs) catalyze the oxygen-dependent disproportionation reaction of elemental sulfur with sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfide as products. The SOR is the initial sulfur-oxidizing enzyme in the hyperthermophilic and chemolithoautotrophic archaeon Acidianus ambivalens. Although the enzyme is biochemically and structurally well characterized, details on the reaction mechanism are still unknown. Here, structure-function relationships of the SOR are analyzed using site-directed mutagenesis, metal substitution, spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. In addition, the first characterization of a SOR from a mesophilic microorganism is presented. It was hypothesized that the initial SOR substrate is a linear sulfur species and not α-S8. An in-gel enzyme activity assay was performed with the Acidianus ambivalens SOR (AaSOR), demonstrating enzyme activity with the linear polysulfide. The outer shell of the spherical and hollow enzyme harbors two different channel types at the rotational fourfold and threefold symmetry axes. They allow the entrance of the sulfur substrate and the exit of reaction products, respectively. Both pores were enlarged via site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in an up to fourfold elevated enzyme activity and causing a change of the proposed 1:1 stoichiometry of oxidized and reduced products. A small hydrophobic pore allows access to the active site, which resides in a small pocket separated from the inner hollow. The pore was enlarged using site-directed mutagenesis, but expansion led to a significant decrease of enzyme activity. Zn2+, a strong SOR-inhibitor, was previously localized in a blind-ending channel that opens near the active site entry pore and which is far from the catalytic center itself. Zn coordination was analyzed using previously obtained crystallographic data, indicating that two histidines are involved. Alanine mutants of both histidines tripled the Ki values in comparison to the wild type enzyme. It was concluded that both histidines are essential for zinc ligation. The active site comprises a cysteine persulfide and a mononuclear iron center coordinated by two histidines and one glutamate. Diffraction data from re-crystallized AaSOR were analyzed, showing the cysteine in an unmodified form. The results pointed to a heat-induced auto-sulfuration process that converts C31 into a cysteine persulfide. An H-bond network was hypothesized to be centered around the catalytic site. Several amino acids, expected to be interacting with essential active site residues, were mutated. Most of the variants had moderately diminished activities. The substitution of a single glutamate (E87), located in H-bond distance to one of the iron-binding histidines, almost abolished enzyme activity. An aspartate variant (E87D) with slightly lowered catalytic activity was crystallized. Analyses of the diffraction data showed nearly identical H-bond distances between the histidine and the aspartate, indicating the importance of an interaction between both residues. Previous EPR experiments demonstrated a redox change of the active site iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+ upon incubation with sulfur at high temperatures. Inclusion bodies of AaSOR were refolded in presence of different non-iron metals to investigate, whether such a redox change is essential for catalysis. Refolded SORs with Fe, Co, Mn or Ni incorporated were biochemically active. EPR spectra of Co- and Mn-containing SORs showed signals for Co2+ and Mn2+ species, respectively. The signal intensities decreased slightly when the enzyme was incubated with sulfur at high temperature, suggesting that small changes occur near the metal center during catalysis, while the metal remained in the same oxidation state. The Co-containing protein was crystallized. Diffraction data did not point to significant structural rearrangements around the metal center. Only a small number of SOR mutants featured a crucial impact on enzyme activity. Therefore, a naturally occurring SOR variant from the mesophilic bacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus was analyzed. In this study, the first biochemical and structural characterization of a SOR derived from this mesophilic microorganism is presented (HnSOR). After gene expression in E. coli, the soluble enzyme (HnSOR) was purified and biochemically characterized. The optimal enzyme activity was at pH 8.4 and 80°C. The temperature range of activity covered nearly 90°C. CD spectroscopy showed that HnSOR and AaSOR are similarly folded. Hydrodynamic radii of both proteins were calculated from Dynamic Light Scattering and were nearly identical. The HnSOR structure was determined at 2.9 Å resolution and compared to the AaSOR. Both are structurally similar icosatetrameric proteins. Based on these observations, the sulfur pathway route identified for the AaSOR was applied to the HnSOR. An additional active site exit pore was found, which was so far not identified in the AaSOR but which seems to be present at closer inspection. The active site cavity resembled the situation in the AaSOR including a cysteine persulfide, which was modified without additional heat treatment. The mononuclear iron center is coordinated by three amino acids (H88, H92 and E116) and water molecules in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The second coordination sphere does not consist of the E87-homologous residue E89 but of a tyrosine at position 118.
Typ des Eintrags: | Dissertation | ||||
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Erschienen: | 2011 | ||||
Autor(en): | Veith, Andreas | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Erstveröffentlichung | ||||
Titel: | Sulfur Oxygenase Reductases - A Structural and Biochemical Perspective | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | Kletzin, Dr. habil. Arnulf ; Felicitas, Prof. Dr. Pfeifer | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 9 Oktober 2011 | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 16 September 2011 | ||||
URL / URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-27641 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | Sulfur oxygenase reductases (SORs) catalyze the oxygen-dependent disproportionation reaction of elemental sulfur with sulfite, thiosulfate and sulfide as products. The SOR is the initial sulfur-oxidizing enzyme in the hyperthermophilic and chemolithoautotrophic archaeon Acidianus ambivalens. Although the enzyme is biochemically and structurally well characterized, details on the reaction mechanism are still unknown. Here, structure-function relationships of the SOR are analyzed using site-directed mutagenesis, metal substitution, spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallography. In addition, the first characterization of a SOR from a mesophilic microorganism is presented. It was hypothesized that the initial SOR substrate is a linear sulfur species and not α-S8. An in-gel enzyme activity assay was performed with the Acidianus ambivalens SOR (AaSOR), demonstrating enzyme activity with the linear polysulfide. The outer shell of the spherical and hollow enzyme harbors two different channel types at the rotational fourfold and threefold symmetry axes. They allow the entrance of the sulfur substrate and the exit of reaction products, respectively. Both pores were enlarged via site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in an up to fourfold elevated enzyme activity and causing a change of the proposed 1:1 stoichiometry of oxidized and reduced products. A small hydrophobic pore allows access to the active site, which resides in a small pocket separated from the inner hollow. The pore was enlarged using site-directed mutagenesis, but expansion led to a significant decrease of enzyme activity. Zn2+, a strong SOR-inhibitor, was previously localized in a blind-ending channel that opens near the active site entry pore and which is far from the catalytic center itself. Zn coordination was analyzed using previously obtained crystallographic data, indicating that two histidines are involved. Alanine mutants of both histidines tripled the Ki values in comparison to the wild type enzyme. It was concluded that both histidines are essential for zinc ligation. The active site comprises a cysteine persulfide and a mononuclear iron center coordinated by two histidines and one glutamate. Diffraction data from re-crystallized AaSOR were analyzed, showing the cysteine in an unmodified form. The results pointed to a heat-induced auto-sulfuration process that converts C31 into a cysteine persulfide. An H-bond network was hypothesized to be centered around the catalytic site. Several amino acids, expected to be interacting with essential active site residues, were mutated. Most of the variants had moderately diminished activities. The substitution of a single glutamate (E87), located in H-bond distance to one of the iron-binding histidines, almost abolished enzyme activity. An aspartate variant (E87D) with slightly lowered catalytic activity was crystallized. Analyses of the diffraction data showed nearly identical H-bond distances between the histidine and the aspartate, indicating the importance of an interaction between both residues. Previous EPR experiments demonstrated a redox change of the active site iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+ upon incubation with sulfur at high temperatures. Inclusion bodies of AaSOR were refolded in presence of different non-iron metals to investigate, whether such a redox change is essential for catalysis. Refolded SORs with Fe, Co, Mn or Ni incorporated were biochemically active. EPR spectra of Co- and Mn-containing SORs showed signals for Co2+ and Mn2+ species, respectively. The signal intensities decreased slightly when the enzyme was incubated with sulfur at high temperature, suggesting that small changes occur near the metal center during catalysis, while the metal remained in the same oxidation state. The Co-containing protein was crystallized. Diffraction data did not point to significant structural rearrangements around the metal center. Only a small number of SOR mutants featured a crucial impact on enzyme activity. Therefore, a naturally occurring SOR variant from the mesophilic bacterium Halothiobacillus neapolitanus was analyzed. In this study, the first biochemical and structural characterization of a SOR derived from this mesophilic microorganism is presented (HnSOR). After gene expression in E. coli, the soluble enzyme (HnSOR) was purified and biochemically characterized. The optimal enzyme activity was at pH 8.4 and 80°C. The temperature range of activity covered nearly 90°C. CD spectroscopy showed that HnSOR and AaSOR are similarly folded. Hydrodynamic radii of both proteins were calculated from Dynamic Light Scattering and were nearly identical. The HnSOR structure was determined at 2.9 Å resolution and compared to the AaSOR. Both are structurally similar icosatetrameric proteins. Based on these observations, the sulfur pathway route identified for the AaSOR was applied to the HnSOR. An additional active site exit pore was found, which was so far not identified in the AaSOR but which seems to be present at closer inspection. The active site cavity resembled the situation in the AaSOR including a cysteine persulfide, which was modified without additional heat treatment. The mononuclear iron center is coordinated by three amino acids (H88, H92 and E116) and water molecules in a slightly distorted octahedral geometry. The second coordination sphere does not consist of the E87-homologous residue E89 but of a tyrosine at position 118. |
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Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): | 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie | ||||
Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | ?? fb10_mikrobiologie ?? 10 Fachbereich Biologie |
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Hinterlegungsdatum: | 12 Okt 2011 07:27 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 05 Mär 2013 09:55 | ||||
PPN: | |||||
Referenten: | Kletzin, Dr. habil. Arnulf ; Felicitas, Prof. Dr. Pfeifer | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 16 September 2011 | ||||
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