Safdarzadeh, Omid ; Farahi, Alireza ; Binder, Andreas ; Sezen, Hikmet ; Hofmann, Jan Philipp (2024)
WLI, XPS and SEM/FIB/EDS Surface Characterization of an Electrically Fluted Bearing Raceway.
In: Lubricants, 2024, 12 (5)
doi: 10.26083/tuprints-00027541
Artikel, Zweitveröffentlichung, Verlagsversion
 | Es ist eine neuere Version dieses Eintrags verfügbar. |
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
Electrical bearing currents may disturb the performance of the bearings via electro-corrosion if they surpass a limit of ca. 0.1 to 0.3 A/mm². A continuous current flow, or, after a longer time span, an alternating current or a repeating impulse-like current, damages the raceway surface, leading in many cases to a fluting pattern on the raceway. Increased bearing vibration, audible noise, and decreased bearing lubrication as a result may demand a replacement of the bearings. Here, an electrically corroded axial ball bearing (type 51208) with fluting patterns is investigated. The bearing was lubricated with grease lubrication and was exposed to 4 A DC current flow. It is shown that the electric current flow causes higher concentrations of iron oxides and iron carbides on the bearing raceway surface together with increased surface roughness, leading to a mixed lubrication also at elevated bearing speeds up to 1500 rpm. The “electrically insulating” iron oxide layer and the “mechanically hard” iron carbide layer on the bearing steel are analysed by WLI, XPS, SEM, and EDS. White Light Interferometry (WLI) is used to provide an accurate measurement of the surface topography and roughness. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements are conducted to analyze the chemical surface composition and oxidation states. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is applied for high-resolution imaging of the surface morphology, while the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is used to cut a trench into the bearing surface to inspect the surface layers. With the Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), the presence of composing elements is identified, determining their relative concentrations. The electrically-caused iron oxide and iron carbide may develop periodically along the raceway due to the perpendicular vibrations of the rolling ball on the raceway, leading gradually to the fluting pattern. Still, a simulation of this vibration-induced fluting-generation process from the start with the first surface craters — of the molten local contact spots — to the final fluting pattern is missing.
| Typ des Eintrags: | Artikel |
|---|---|
| Erschienen: | 2024 |
| Autor(en): | Safdarzadeh, Omid ; Farahi, Alireza ; Binder, Andreas ; Sezen, Hikmet ; Hofmann, Jan Philipp |
| Art des Eintrags: | Zweitveröffentlichung |
| Titel: | WLI, XPS and SEM/FIB/EDS Surface Characterization of an Electrically Fluted Bearing Raceway |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Publikationsjahr: | 16 September 2024 |
| Ort: | Darmstadt |
| Publikationsdatum der Erstveröffentlichung: | Mai 2024 |
| Ort der Erstveröffentlichung: | Basel |
| Verlag: | MDPI |
| Titel der Zeitschrift, Zeitung oder Schriftenreihe: | Lubricants |
| Jahrgang/Volume einer Zeitschrift: | 12 |
| (Heft-)Nummer: | 5 |
| Kollation: | 28 Seiten |
| DOI: | 10.26083/tuprints-00027541 |
| URL / URN: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/27541 |
| Zugehörige Links: | |
| Herkunft: | Zweitveröffentlichung DeepGreen |
| Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | Electrical bearing currents may disturb the performance of the bearings via electro-corrosion if they surpass a limit of ca. 0.1 to 0.3 A/mm². A continuous current flow, or, after a longer time span, an alternating current or a repeating impulse-like current, damages the raceway surface, leading in many cases to a fluting pattern on the raceway. Increased bearing vibration, audible noise, and decreased bearing lubrication as a result may demand a replacement of the bearings. Here, an electrically corroded axial ball bearing (type 51208) with fluting patterns is investigated. The bearing was lubricated with grease lubrication and was exposed to 4 A DC current flow. It is shown that the electric current flow causes higher concentrations of iron oxides and iron carbides on the bearing raceway surface together with increased surface roughness, leading to a mixed lubrication also at elevated bearing speeds up to 1500 rpm. The “electrically insulating” iron oxide layer and the “mechanically hard” iron carbide layer on the bearing steel are analysed by WLI, XPS, SEM, and EDS. White Light Interferometry (WLI) is used to provide an accurate measurement of the surface topography and roughness. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) measurements are conducted to analyze the chemical surface composition and oxidation states. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is applied for high-resolution imaging of the surface morphology, while the Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is used to cut a trench into the bearing surface to inspect the surface layers. With the Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), the presence of composing elements is identified, determining their relative concentrations. The electrically-caused iron oxide and iron carbide may develop periodically along the raceway due to the perpendicular vibrations of the rolling ball on the raceway, leading gradually to the fluting pattern. Still, a simulation of this vibration-induced fluting-generation process from the start with the first surface craters — of the molten local contact spots — to the final fluting pattern is missing. |
| Freie Schlagworte: | bearing surface damage, electric bearing currents, rotor-to-ground current, bearing voltage, electrical wear, electrically damaged bearing, electro-corrosion, bearing oil degradation, bearing electrical failure |
| ID-Nummer: | Artikel-ID: 148 |
| Status: | Verlagsversion |
| URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-275418 |
| Zusätzliche Informationen: | This article belongs to the Special Issue Tribological Characteristics of Bearing System, 2nd Edition |
| Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): | 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften > 621.3 Elektrotechnik, Elektronik 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften > 660 Technische Chemie |
| Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 11 Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften 11 Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften > Materialwissenschaft 11 Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften > Materialwissenschaft > Fachgebiet Oberflächenforschung 18 Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 18 Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik > Institut für Elektrische Energiewandlung > Elektrische Energiewandlung 18 Fachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik > Institut für Elektrische Energiewandlung |
| Hinterlegungsdatum: | 16 Sep 2024 11:43 |
| Letzte Änderung: | 17 Sep 2024 06:11 |
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| Suche nach Titel in: | TUfind oder in Google |
Verfügbare Versionen dieses Eintrags
- WLI, XPS and SEM/FIB/EDS Surface Characterization of an Electrically Fluted Bearing Raceway. (deposited 16 Sep 2024 11:43) [Gegenwärtig angezeigt]
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