Abdullah Agha, Dunia (2024)
3D Paper Printing for the Built Environment: Optimization of the Material behavior & Production Process to Reach Quality Integration and Dimensional Accuracy.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dissertation, Bibliographie
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
This research aims to produce and develop products from a new material formulation as bio-based paper material by using additive manufacturing (AM), in precise 3D printing. The approach of producing and developing these products is by optimizing material behavior and production process to reach a high level of quality and accuracy. Potential applications for the built environment of facade engineering are presented which fits the material properties and benefits the most from the complexity provided by the additive manufacturing technology. The formulation consists of four components with water of ranges (79-68.2%) such as: cellulose of used range (12-16%), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) of (2.4-6.2%), lecithin of (2.4-4.7%) and a filler of (2.23-15.6%) (such as chalk or undissolved starch or mgso4). Each ingredient has a specific function in the mix. Cellulose is the main structure for the mix. CMC is a hydrogel that provides the adhesive properties of the mix. Lecithin is a fatty substance that improves the extrudability of the compound. Filler increases the number of interparticle contacts and stabilizes the hydrogel, which means improved buildability. The used cellulose is native cellulose fiber (bleached pulp) from different sources (NBHK/NBSK) and with fiber length from 0.2 to 2.1 mm. The 3D printer used is LUTUM -VormVrij® 3D clay printer version 2.1. The overall printing parameters are air pressure up to (0.3 - 0.85) Mpa, resolution (nozzle diameter of 0.6mm -1.2mm and 1.6mm), and printing speed in the range of (15 – 20) mm/s. The methodology of the research is to try many mixture formulations to investigate the possible selection of homogeneous pastes with strong potential for AM by extrusion and to achieve buildability (higher height possible while maintaining shape retention and stability). The material would be able to support its own weight and have limited deformation of the printed part during room environmental drying. This was done by focusing on the adjustment and optimization controlled by rheological characterization and printing parameters settings to ensure optimal shape accuracy of 3D printed parts. A printing adjustment guideline and design constraints adapted to the developed paste were proposed. For nozzle 1.6mm, the best formulation is Cellulose 15%, Aspen type, Water 69.2%, CMC 7.5%, Lecithin 2.8%, and the filler used is Starch of 5.6%. For nozzle 1.2 mm, the best formulation is using cellulose 15.5%, aspen type, water 71.5%, CMC of 5.8%, lecithin 2.9%, filler used is starch of 4.3%. The nozzle 0.6mm, the best formulation is using cellulose 13.4%, aspen, water 78%, CMC 3.6%, lecithin 2.6%, and filler used is chalk of 2.3%. The summery results lead to 3D paper printing of products with complex geometries with mechanical properties and a range of capabilities, such as 1. Safety aspect due to use of non-hazardous material, 2. 100% recyclable. 3. Large complex component. 4. Complex part design. 5. Self-supporting material that can carry and hold its own weight while maintaining shape and stability. 6. The buildability of height reached approximately 200 mm without buckling problems or collapsing during the drying process. 7. The wet density has a range of (7.27 - 8.08) kN/m3 and the dry density is (4.02- 5.67) kN/m3. 8. Printing parameters: Air pressure up to 0.3 – 0.85 Mpa 9. Tensile strength up to 4.5 Mpa. 10. Adhesive strength reaches up to 20% of tensile strength. 11. Young's modulus reaches about 6 GPa. 12. Economic aspect of the material and the 1 kg of the material in the range of 10 €/kg. 13. Optimization of the material to achieve the lowest possible shrinkage of the extruded filament, it reached 17.4%. 14. Dimensional accuracy of a 3D printed part after drying achieved 14.8%. To achieve this goal, this work focused on - Paste formulations based on short and long cellulose fibers, CMC, lecithin, and filler (indissoluble potato starch, chalk, or Mgso4). - Room drying. - Use of 3D printer (LUTUM -VormVrij® 3D clay printer version 2.1). Keywords: 3D printing, paper, cellulose fibers, bio-based material, 3D paper structure.
Typ des Eintrags: | Dissertation | ||||
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Erschienen: | 2024 | ||||
Autor(en): | Abdullah Agha, Dunia | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Bibliographie | ||||
Titel: | 3D Paper Printing for the Built Environment: Optimization of the Material behavior & Production Process to Reach Quality Integration and Dimensional Accuracy | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | Knaack, Prof. Dr. Ulrich ; Kolling, Prof. Dr. Stefan | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 2024 | ||||
Ort: | Wiesbaden | ||||
Verlag: | Springer Vieweg | ||||
Reihe: | Mechanik, Werkstoffe und Konstruktion im Bauwesen | ||||
Band einer Reihe: | 73 | ||||
Kollation: | XVIII, 323 Seiten | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 29 November 2023 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | This research aims to produce and develop products from a new material formulation as bio-based paper material by using additive manufacturing (AM), in precise 3D printing. The approach of producing and developing these products is by optimizing material behavior and production process to reach a high level of quality and accuracy. Potential applications for the built environment of facade engineering are presented which fits the material properties and benefits the most from the complexity provided by the additive manufacturing technology. The formulation consists of four components with water of ranges (79-68.2%) such as: cellulose of used range (12-16%), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) of (2.4-6.2%), lecithin of (2.4-4.7%) and a filler of (2.23-15.6%) (such as chalk or undissolved starch or mgso4). Each ingredient has a specific function in the mix. Cellulose is the main structure for the mix. CMC is a hydrogel that provides the adhesive properties of the mix. Lecithin is a fatty substance that improves the extrudability of the compound. Filler increases the number of interparticle contacts and stabilizes the hydrogel, which means improved buildability. The used cellulose is native cellulose fiber (bleached pulp) from different sources (NBHK/NBSK) and with fiber length from 0.2 to 2.1 mm. The 3D printer used is LUTUM -VormVrij® 3D clay printer version 2.1. The overall printing parameters are air pressure up to (0.3 - 0.85) Mpa, resolution (nozzle diameter of 0.6mm -1.2mm and 1.6mm), and printing speed in the range of (15 – 20) mm/s. The methodology of the research is to try many mixture formulations to investigate the possible selection of homogeneous pastes with strong potential for AM by extrusion and to achieve buildability (higher height possible while maintaining shape retention and stability). The material would be able to support its own weight and have limited deformation of the printed part during room environmental drying. This was done by focusing on the adjustment and optimization controlled by rheological characterization and printing parameters settings to ensure optimal shape accuracy of 3D printed parts. A printing adjustment guideline and design constraints adapted to the developed paste were proposed. For nozzle 1.6mm, the best formulation is Cellulose 15%, Aspen type, Water 69.2%, CMC 7.5%, Lecithin 2.8%, and the filler used is Starch of 5.6%. For nozzle 1.2 mm, the best formulation is using cellulose 15.5%, aspen type, water 71.5%, CMC of 5.8%, lecithin 2.9%, filler used is starch of 4.3%. The nozzle 0.6mm, the best formulation is using cellulose 13.4%, aspen, water 78%, CMC 3.6%, lecithin 2.6%, and filler used is chalk of 2.3%. The summery results lead to 3D paper printing of products with complex geometries with mechanical properties and a range of capabilities, such as 1. Safety aspect due to use of non-hazardous material, 2. 100% recyclable. 3. Large complex component. 4. Complex part design. 5. Self-supporting material that can carry and hold its own weight while maintaining shape and stability. 6. The buildability of height reached approximately 200 mm without buckling problems or collapsing during the drying process. 7. The wet density has a range of (7.27 - 8.08) kN/m3 and the dry density is (4.02- 5.67) kN/m3. 8. Printing parameters: Air pressure up to 0.3 – 0.85 Mpa 9. Tensile strength up to 4.5 Mpa. 10. Adhesive strength reaches up to 20% of tensile strength. 11. Young's modulus reaches about 6 GPa. 12. Economic aspect of the material and the 1 kg of the material in the range of 10 €/kg. 13. Optimization of the material to achieve the lowest possible shrinkage of the extruded filament, it reached 17.4%. 14. Dimensional accuracy of a 3D printed part after drying achieved 14.8%. To achieve this goal, this work focused on - Paste formulations based on short and long cellulose fibers, CMC, lecithin, and filler (indissoluble potato starch, chalk, or Mgso4). - Room drying. - Use of 3D printer (LUTUM -VormVrij® 3D clay printer version 2.1). Keywords: 3D printing, paper, cellulose fibers, bio-based material, 3D paper structure. |
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Alternatives oder übersetztes Abstract: |
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Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 13 Fachbereich Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften 13 Fachbereich Bau- und Umweltingenieurwissenschaften > Institut für Statik und Konstruktion |
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Hinterlegungsdatum: | 04 Sep 2024 05:45 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 04 Sep 2024 05:45 | ||||
PPN: | 520736818 | ||||
Referenten: | Knaack, Prof. Dr. Ulrich ; Kolling, Prof. Dr. Stefan | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 29 November 2023 | ||||
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