Schäfer, Felix (2023)
Investigations on the influences of paper intrinsic properties and flame retardants on paper materials fire properties.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
doi: 10.26083/tuprints-00023657
Dissertation, Erstveröffentlichung, Verlagsversion
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
The use of materials made from renewable raw materials, such as paper, has increased more and more due to the steadily growing idea of sustainability. The very good properties of paper and the possibility of individually adjusting these properties through the manufacturing process or a variety of additives and modifications offer a very wide range of possible applications. In this context, it is essential for effective use to generate an understanding of the changed intrinsic properties in the paper and thus optimize them for applications. In relation to the flame retardancy of paper, the influence of intrinsic paper properties on fire behaviour should therefore first be fundamentally investigated. To better understand this interaction systematically, a matrix of papers with gradually different intrinsic properties was created and the fire behaviour of these was first analysed. By developing a video analysis method, it was possible to map the variations in the burning speeds. The key finding was that increasing calendering leads to increasing burning speeds, which contradicts the common view of the fire behaviour of compacted materials. To define the reason for this behaviour, the results of this analysis were correlated with the intrinsic properties and the influence of increasing thermal conductivity could be proposed as the central conclusion. Here, the increasing thermal conductivity resulted from an increase in density and specific heat capacity, which increases due to the shift in the ratios of crystalline and amorphous fractions caused by calendering. Subsequently, the influence of the paper on the flame retardancy was investigated. The influence of papers made from bleached and unbleached fibers on the effectiveness of flame retardants was analysed. Bio-based phosphate flame retardants were used for flame retardancy. A correlation was observed between the amount and type of flame retardants applied to both papers and the decrease in heat release rate and total heat release. A subsequent investigation of the decomposition mechanism allowed a hypothesis to be made regarding the influence of the paper types. A poorer effectiveness of the flame retardants on the papers made of unbleached fibers was found, which allowed the conclusion that the remaining lignin on the unbleached fibers hinders the flame retardant mechanism of the phosphate groups. These obtained results are of great importance for the understanding of the influence of intrinsic properties of papers on fire behaviour and flame retardancy, as they allow further optimization of paper as a material in ever new fields of application.
Typ des Eintrags: | Dissertation | ||||
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Erschienen: | 2023 | ||||
Autor(en): | Schäfer, Felix | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Erstveröffentlichung | ||||
Titel: | Investigations on the influences of paper intrinsic properties and flame retardants on paper materials fire properties | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | Biesalski, Prof. Dr. Markus ; Pfaendner, Prof. Dr. Rudolf | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 2023 | ||||
Ort: | Darmstadt | ||||
Kollation: | II, 154 Seiten | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 3 April 2023 | ||||
DOI: | 10.26083/tuprints-00023657 | ||||
URL / URN: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/23657 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | The use of materials made from renewable raw materials, such as paper, has increased more and more due to the steadily growing idea of sustainability. The very good properties of paper and the possibility of individually adjusting these properties through the manufacturing process or a variety of additives and modifications offer a very wide range of possible applications. In this context, it is essential for effective use to generate an understanding of the changed intrinsic properties in the paper and thus optimize them for applications. In relation to the flame retardancy of paper, the influence of intrinsic paper properties on fire behaviour should therefore first be fundamentally investigated. To better understand this interaction systematically, a matrix of papers with gradually different intrinsic properties was created and the fire behaviour of these was first analysed. By developing a video analysis method, it was possible to map the variations in the burning speeds. The key finding was that increasing calendering leads to increasing burning speeds, which contradicts the common view of the fire behaviour of compacted materials. To define the reason for this behaviour, the results of this analysis were correlated with the intrinsic properties and the influence of increasing thermal conductivity could be proposed as the central conclusion. Here, the increasing thermal conductivity resulted from an increase in density and specific heat capacity, which increases due to the shift in the ratios of crystalline and amorphous fractions caused by calendering. Subsequently, the influence of the paper on the flame retardancy was investigated. The influence of papers made from bleached and unbleached fibers on the effectiveness of flame retardants was analysed. Bio-based phosphate flame retardants were used for flame retardancy. A correlation was observed between the amount and type of flame retardants applied to both papers and the decrease in heat release rate and total heat release. A subsequent investigation of the decomposition mechanism allowed a hypothesis to be made regarding the influence of the paper types. A poorer effectiveness of the flame retardants on the papers made of unbleached fibers was found, which allowed the conclusion that the remaining lignin on the unbleached fibers hinders the flame retardant mechanism of the phosphate groups. These obtained results are of great importance for the understanding of the influence of intrinsic properties of papers on fire behaviour and flame retardancy, as they allow further optimization of paper as a material in ever new fields of application. |
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Alternatives oder übersetztes Abstract: |
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Status: | Verlagsversion | ||||
URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-236575 | ||||
Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): | 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 540 Chemie | ||||
Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 07 Fachbereich Chemie 07 Fachbereich Chemie > Ernst-Berl-Institut > Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie 07 Fachbereich Chemie > Ernst-Berl-Institut > Fachgebiet Makromolekulare Chemie > Makromolekulare Chemie und Papierchemie |
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Hinterlegungsdatum: | 09 Mai 2023 12:09 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 10 Mai 2023 07:45 | ||||
PPN: | |||||
Referenten: | Biesalski, Prof. Dr. Markus ; Pfaendner, Prof. Dr. Rudolf | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 3 April 2023 | ||||
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