Schneider, Sandra (2019)
Paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the western branch of the East African Rift System using multiple provenance methods (Albertine Rift, Uganda).
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dissertation, Erstveröffentlichung
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
As part of the DFG-funded interdisciplinary research project 703 RiftLink – Rift Dynamics, Uplift and Climate Changes in Equatorial Africa (H1643-7/1), this presented PhD thesis aims at reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Albertine Rift in the western branch of the East African Rift System by combined studies on ancient rift sediments and modern stream sediments. The major part of this thesis is dedicated to the Miocene-Pleistocene rift infill that has been studied for its provenance and depositional history in order to gain a broader understanding of rift dynamics and the tectono-sedimentary history of the Albertine Rift since its initiation in the early Miocene. Sedimentary successions of rift sediment studied in the Albertine Rift are exposed in two key areas on the Ugandan side of Lake Albert, the Kisegi-Nyabusosi area and Nkondo-Kaiso area. Both areas represent a distal and proximal setting with respect to the extremely upthrusted > 5000 m high Rwenzori Mountains, which form a promontory of the eastern rift flank of the Albertine Rift. The rift sediment mainly comprises unconsolidated siliciclastics from clay to coarse gravel deposited in a fluvial-deltaic to lacustrine setting during multiphase rifting. Based on systematic logging and sampling of sedimentary outcrops, this study presents a multi-proxy methodological approach that combines framework and heavy mineral petrography, bulk sediment geochemistry, varietal studies of detrital garnet and rutile, as well as U-Pb zircon geochronology. The outcome of this thesis is a paleotectonic model of erosion, sediment transport, and basin evolution that presents a more detailed picture of the spatial-temporal history of the northern western branch of the East African Rift System. The second part of this doctoral thesis focuses on modern river sediment collected in the Rwenzori Mountains and adjacent rift flanks. This additional study complements this thesis by providing profound insights into present-day sediment generation and erosional processes in this particular rift setting. By using the same analytical approach as for the rift fill, the modern stream sediment helps to identify the characteristics of a variety of Ugandan basement rocks and to define potential source rocks for the Neogene successions. Furthermore, this study aims at quantifying the effects of chemical weathering on the composition of modern sediment generated under extreme equatorial climatic conditions. The synthesis of available information collected during this provenance study allows to modify and refine existing evolutionary models for the Albertine Rift. Three major rifting stages were identified that may be interpreted in terms of rifting activity:
Early Miocene to early Pliocene (~17.0 –5.0 Ma) Exposures of the earliest rift sediment are only known from the southern Lake Albert sub-basin (Kisegi-Nyabusosi area). Provenance data imply that sediment transport was dominated by a westward directed large-scale river system and flowed from Kenya westwards through Uganda and probably further towards the Congo Basin and to the Atlantic Ocean. Sediment sources extend towards the at least 400 km away located East African Orogen as demonstrated by the occurrence of Pan-African zircon ages. The dominant source represents gneissic-granulitic rocks of the Neoarchean North Uganda Terrane that occupies major parts of the Ugandan basement proved by a high amount of Neoarchean zircon as well as amphibolite- to granulite-facies garnet and rutile.
Early Pliocene to late Pliocene (~5.0–2.6 Ma) A major provenance shift occurred during the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, interpreted to mark the transition from the pre-rift into the syn-rift stage with enhanced subsidence and uplift of rift flanks and the Ugandan plateau. Sediment transport from distal sources was largely disrupted, likely due to a phase of first major rifting affecting the Albertine Rift. This can mainly be concluded from a change in the heavy mineral composition and missing of Neoproterozoic zircon ages. Provenance data indicate proximal sediment sources for both the southern and northern study areas, probably from the adjacent rift margin with major derivation from the North Uganda Terrane as indicated by a majority of Neoarchean zircon, epidote-amphibolite-dominated heavy mineral assemblages, as well as high-grade metamorphic garnet and rutile (amphibolite- to granulite-facies).
Early Pleistocene (since ~2.6 Ma) A further provenance shift around the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition is concurrent with the beginning of the extreme uplift of the Rwenzori fault block and the initiation of inversion tectonics in the Albertine Rift. In the southern Albertine Rift, sediment supply from mainly southern sources with major supply from the Rwenzori Fold Belt in the Rwenzori Mountains is indicated by less mature sediment accompanied by the occurrence of lower-grade metamorphic garnet and rutile (amphibolite-facies), as well as pinkish zircon grains. On the contrary, additional input from the Neoproterozoic Bunyoro Group overlying the local basement along the rift shoulder leads to a higher maturity of the sediment in the further to the north located Nkondo-Kaiso region with higher abundances of more resistant minerals, like quartz, zircon and tourmaline. In both areas, sediment sources changed only slightly compared to the Pliocene and sediment transport is still from the adjacent rift flank.
The proposed provenance changes are coincident in both study areas and largely coincide in timing with major faulting episodes in other parts of the EARS, suggesting that tectonic movements in eastern Africa act at a global scale. Present-day sediment generation in the Albertine Rift takes mainly place under hot-humid climate conditions and in contrasting geomorphological settings, including poorly-drained lowlands of the rift plateau and the high-altitude Rwenzori horst, in which two fundamental types of sediment is created. In the extremely uplifted and young Rwenzori horst, where high topography promotes rapid physical degradation, sediment is rich in feldspar and rock fragments with very rich heavy-mineral assemblages controlled by amphibole and epidote. Sediment created in the low-relief rift plateau, widely covered by thick lateritic soils, is highly quartzose due to intense weathering prolonged over millions of years. The study of modern sediment in the Albertine Rift clearly demonstrates that identification of original provenance signatures is still possible even in areas characterized by extreme climatic conditions such as those of equatorial latitudes. Heavy Mineral spectra, zircon geochronology, garnet and Rutile chemistry, and geochemical parameters, especially non-mobile elements and element ratios, best preserve the imprint of the source-rock lithology. Altogether, this study Highlights the high potential of sedimentary provenance Analysis (SPA) in reconstructing the sedimento-tectonic history of rift basins in tropical regions, and also underlines the importance of multi-proxy approaches to fully understand sediment supply into depositional systems. The research on the Albertine Rift exemplifies that the application of SPA is most successful byusing a combination of ‘traditional’ petrographic-mineralogical methods with ‘innovative’ geochemical and geochronological methods. Single-grain varietal studies on zircon, garnet and rutile are the most powerful applications to constrain specific sources. While age populations obtained from zircon U-Pb geochronology can be directly linked to the Age of a certain tectono-thermal terrane, chemical compositions of garnet of rutile allow distinguishing lithologies characterized by different metamorphic overprint, e.g., amphibolite-facies vs. granulite-facies rocks. However, varietal studies fail for recovering sediment input from recycled sedimentary rocks. Because of the durability of zircon, garnet and rutile during the sedimentary cycle, polycycle sedimentation is masked, which might lead to an incorrect interpretation of exclusively primary sources. For reconstructing provenance from sedimentary (recycled) lithologies or for revealing the weathering degree of sediments, bulk-rock petrographic and geochemical methods proofed to be the most suitable application.
Typ des Eintrags: | Dissertation | ||||
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Erschienen: | 2019 | ||||
Autor(en): | Schneider, Sandra | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Erstveröffentlichung | ||||
Titel: | Paleogeographic and tectonic evolution of the western branch of the East African Rift System using multiple provenance methods (Albertine Rift, Uganda) | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | Hinderer, Prof. Dr. Matthias ; Schüth, Prof. Dr. Christoph | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 2019 | ||||
Ort: | Darmstadt | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 10 Mai 2019 | ||||
URL / URN: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/8787 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | As part of the DFG-funded interdisciplinary research project 703 RiftLink – Rift Dynamics, Uplift and Climate Changes in Equatorial Africa (H1643-7/1), this presented PhD thesis aims at reconstructing the evolutionary history of the Albertine Rift in the western branch of the East African Rift System by combined studies on ancient rift sediments and modern stream sediments. The major part of this thesis is dedicated to the Miocene-Pleistocene rift infill that has been studied for its provenance and depositional history in order to gain a broader understanding of rift dynamics and the tectono-sedimentary history of the Albertine Rift since its initiation in the early Miocene. Sedimentary successions of rift sediment studied in the Albertine Rift are exposed in two key areas on the Ugandan side of Lake Albert, the Kisegi-Nyabusosi area and Nkondo-Kaiso area. Both areas represent a distal and proximal setting with respect to the extremely upthrusted > 5000 m high Rwenzori Mountains, which form a promontory of the eastern rift flank of the Albertine Rift. The rift sediment mainly comprises unconsolidated siliciclastics from clay to coarse gravel deposited in a fluvial-deltaic to lacustrine setting during multiphase rifting. Based on systematic logging and sampling of sedimentary outcrops, this study presents a multi-proxy methodological approach that combines framework and heavy mineral petrography, bulk sediment geochemistry, varietal studies of detrital garnet and rutile, as well as U-Pb zircon geochronology. The outcome of this thesis is a paleotectonic model of erosion, sediment transport, and basin evolution that presents a more detailed picture of the spatial-temporal history of the northern western branch of the East African Rift System. The second part of this doctoral thesis focuses on modern river sediment collected in the Rwenzori Mountains and adjacent rift flanks. This additional study complements this thesis by providing profound insights into present-day sediment generation and erosional processes in this particular rift setting. By using the same analytical approach as for the rift fill, the modern stream sediment helps to identify the characteristics of a variety of Ugandan basement rocks and to define potential source rocks for the Neogene successions. Furthermore, this study aims at quantifying the effects of chemical weathering on the composition of modern sediment generated under extreme equatorial climatic conditions. The synthesis of available information collected during this provenance study allows to modify and refine existing evolutionary models for the Albertine Rift. Three major rifting stages were identified that may be interpreted in terms of rifting activity: Early Miocene to early Pliocene (~17.0 –5.0 Ma) Exposures of the earliest rift sediment are only known from the southern Lake Albert sub-basin (Kisegi-Nyabusosi area). Provenance data imply that sediment transport was dominated by a westward directed large-scale river system and flowed from Kenya westwards through Uganda and probably further towards the Congo Basin and to the Atlantic Ocean. Sediment sources extend towards the at least 400 km away located East African Orogen as demonstrated by the occurrence of Pan-African zircon ages. The dominant source represents gneissic-granulitic rocks of the Neoarchean North Uganda Terrane that occupies major parts of the Ugandan basement proved by a high amount of Neoarchean zircon as well as amphibolite- to granulite-facies garnet and rutile. Early Pliocene to late Pliocene (~5.0–2.6 Ma) A major provenance shift occurred during the Miocene-Pliocene boundary, interpreted to mark the transition from the pre-rift into the syn-rift stage with enhanced subsidence and uplift of rift flanks and the Ugandan plateau. Sediment transport from distal sources was largely disrupted, likely due to a phase of first major rifting affecting the Albertine Rift. This can mainly be concluded from a change in the heavy mineral composition and missing of Neoproterozoic zircon ages. Provenance data indicate proximal sediment sources for both the southern and northern study areas, probably from the adjacent rift margin with major derivation from the North Uganda Terrane as indicated by a majority of Neoarchean zircon, epidote-amphibolite-dominated heavy mineral assemblages, as well as high-grade metamorphic garnet and rutile (amphibolite- to granulite-facies). Early Pleistocene (since ~2.6 Ma) A further provenance shift around the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition is concurrent with the beginning of the extreme uplift of the Rwenzori fault block and the initiation of inversion tectonics in the Albertine Rift. In the southern Albertine Rift, sediment supply from mainly southern sources with major supply from the Rwenzori Fold Belt in the Rwenzori Mountains is indicated by less mature sediment accompanied by the occurrence of lower-grade metamorphic garnet and rutile (amphibolite-facies), as well as pinkish zircon grains. On the contrary, additional input from the Neoproterozoic Bunyoro Group overlying the local basement along the rift shoulder leads to a higher maturity of the sediment in the further to the north located Nkondo-Kaiso region with higher abundances of more resistant minerals, like quartz, zircon and tourmaline. In both areas, sediment sources changed only slightly compared to the Pliocene and sediment transport is still from the adjacent rift flank. The proposed provenance changes are coincident in both study areas and largely coincide in timing with major faulting episodes in other parts of the EARS, suggesting that tectonic movements in eastern Africa act at a global scale. Present-day sediment generation in the Albertine Rift takes mainly place under hot-humid climate conditions and in contrasting geomorphological settings, including poorly-drained lowlands of the rift plateau and the high-altitude Rwenzori horst, in which two fundamental types of sediment is created. In the extremely uplifted and young Rwenzori horst, where high topography promotes rapid physical degradation, sediment is rich in feldspar and rock fragments with very rich heavy-mineral assemblages controlled by amphibole and epidote. Sediment created in the low-relief rift plateau, widely covered by thick lateritic soils, is highly quartzose due to intense weathering prolonged over millions of years. The study of modern sediment in the Albertine Rift clearly demonstrates that identification of original provenance signatures is still possible even in areas characterized by extreme climatic conditions such as those of equatorial latitudes. Heavy Mineral spectra, zircon geochronology, garnet and Rutile chemistry, and geochemical parameters, especially non-mobile elements and element ratios, best preserve the imprint of the source-rock lithology. Altogether, this study Highlights the high potential of sedimentary provenance Analysis (SPA) in reconstructing the sedimento-tectonic history of rift basins in tropical regions, and also underlines the importance of multi-proxy approaches to fully understand sediment supply into depositional systems. The research on the Albertine Rift exemplifies that the application of SPA is most successful byusing a combination of ‘traditional’ petrographic-mineralogical methods with ‘innovative’ geochemical and geochronological methods. Single-grain varietal studies on zircon, garnet and rutile are the most powerful applications to constrain specific sources. While age populations obtained from zircon U-Pb geochronology can be directly linked to the Age of a certain tectono-thermal terrane, chemical compositions of garnet of rutile allow distinguishing lithologies characterized by different metamorphic overprint, e.g., amphibolite-facies vs. granulite-facies rocks. However, varietal studies fail for recovering sediment input from recycled sedimentary rocks. Because of the durability of zircon, garnet and rutile during the sedimentary cycle, polycycle sedimentation is masked, which might lead to an incorrect interpretation of exclusively primary sources. For reconstructing provenance from sedimentary (recycled) lithologies or for revealing the weathering degree of sediments, bulk-rock petrographic and geochemical methods proofed to be the most suitable application. |
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Alternatives oder übersetztes Abstract: |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-87871 | ||||
Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): | 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 550 Geowissenschaften | ||||
Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 11 Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften 11 Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften > Geowissenschaften 11 Fachbereich Material- und Geowissenschaften > Geowissenschaften > Fachgebiet Angewandte Sedimentgeologie |
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Hinterlegungsdatum: | 15 Sep 2019 19:55 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 15 Sep 2019 19:55 | ||||
PPN: | |||||
Referenten: | Hinderer, Prof. Dr. Matthias ; Schüth, Prof. Dr. Christoph | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 10 Mai 2019 | ||||
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