Bernatzky, Torben (2019)
Automation Concept for Cockpit Crew Integration into Trajectory-Based Dispatch Towing.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
Dissertation, Erstveröffentlichung
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)
International hub airports are commonly the bottleneck of commercial airline flight operations. Social and political constraints often inhibit construction expansions of the surface infrastructure. Consequent airport congestion leads to increased taxi times, causing delays as well as additional fuel consumption and emissions. Surface trajectory-based operations (STBO), which are addressed by current research activities, reduce taxi times by introducing time or speed constraints along the taxi route. However, present-day aircraft are not equipped with technologies enabling the precise execution of predefined continuous speed profiles. This thesis proposes a retro-fit concept named trajectory-based dispatch towing (TBDT), which allows present-day aircraft to execute STBO without extensive modifications. The concept suggests a further automated version of the novel towing vehicle TaxiBot as the enabling technology. Combined with an innovative cockpit application running on an electronic flight bag (EFB), the envisaged tractor shall support pilots of conventional aircraft to maneuver according to dynamic trajectories. Following an analysis of conventional taxi operations, scenarios for the successive introduction of TBDT are developed. The consecutive steps focus on the integration of pilots into the designed taxi procedures. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the general feasibility of TBDT and to evaluate different automation modes from the perspective of the cockpit crew. The iterative approach includes expert interviews and preliminary simulator trials. Qualitative feedback and quantitative measurements support the development of a prototypical human-machine interface (HMI) intended to run on an EFB. This graphical interface is supplemented by soft- and hardware implementations as well as an automatic control concept realized in the flight research simulator, D-AERO, at the Institute of Flight Systems and Automatic Control (FSR) of Technische Universität Darmstadt. Based on this setup, 24 commercial airline pilots participated in the main simulator campaign. By means of a repeated measures design, every pilot completed one conventional taxi run and four TBDT operations. The TBDT runs differ with regard to automated or manual steering, braking, and their corresponding combinations. The trials investigate the interference of the automation modes and the aspects of performance, traffic awareness, user satisfaction, and acceptance of the pilots. The results of objective and subjective measurements indicate that all considered automation modes are generally suitable for executing TBDT. Furthermore, possible automation of the steering control has no significant effect on the measurements. On the contrary, the automation of brake input during TBDT results in enhanced performance and traffic awareness. The analysis of questionnaires shows a correlation between the expected safety benefit and the willingness of the pilots to hand over the speed control to an automated instance. The evaluation results allow for both the detection of the feasibility of the concept as well as for the formulation of advice regarding the aspired amount of automation. The thesis is complemented by recommendations regarding future development and research activities.
Typ des Eintrags: | Dissertation | ||||
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Erschienen: | 2019 | ||||
Autor(en): | Bernatzky, Torben | ||||
Art des Eintrags: | Erstveröffentlichung | ||||
Titel: | Automation Concept for Cockpit Crew Integration into Trajectory-Based Dispatch Towing | ||||
Sprache: | Englisch | ||||
Referenten: | Klingauf, Prof. Dr. Uwe ; Hecker, Prof. Dr. Peter | ||||
Publikationsjahr: | 21 Juni 2019 | ||||
Ort: | Darmstadt | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: | 7 Mai 2019 | ||||
URL / URN: | https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/8751 | ||||
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract): | International hub airports are commonly the bottleneck of commercial airline flight operations. Social and political constraints often inhibit construction expansions of the surface infrastructure. Consequent airport congestion leads to increased taxi times, causing delays as well as additional fuel consumption and emissions. Surface trajectory-based operations (STBO), which are addressed by current research activities, reduce taxi times by introducing time or speed constraints along the taxi route. However, present-day aircraft are not equipped with technologies enabling the precise execution of predefined continuous speed profiles. This thesis proposes a retro-fit concept named trajectory-based dispatch towing (TBDT), which allows present-day aircraft to execute STBO without extensive modifications. The concept suggests a further automated version of the novel towing vehicle TaxiBot as the enabling technology. Combined with an innovative cockpit application running on an electronic flight bag (EFB), the envisaged tractor shall support pilots of conventional aircraft to maneuver according to dynamic trajectories. Following an analysis of conventional taxi operations, scenarios for the successive introduction of TBDT are developed. The consecutive steps focus on the integration of pilots into the designed taxi procedures. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the general feasibility of TBDT and to evaluate different automation modes from the perspective of the cockpit crew. The iterative approach includes expert interviews and preliminary simulator trials. Qualitative feedback and quantitative measurements support the development of a prototypical human-machine interface (HMI) intended to run on an EFB. This graphical interface is supplemented by soft- and hardware implementations as well as an automatic control concept realized in the flight research simulator, D-AERO, at the Institute of Flight Systems and Automatic Control (FSR) of Technische Universität Darmstadt. Based on this setup, 24 commercial airline pilots participated in the main simulator campaign. By means of a repeated measures design, every pilot completed one conventional taxi run and four TBDT operations. The TBDT runs differ with regard to automated or manual steering, braking, and their corresponding combinations. The trials investigate the interference of the automation modes and the aspects of performance, traffic awareness, user satisfaction, and acceptance of the pilots. The results of objective and subjective measurements indicate that all considered automation modes are generally suitable for executing TBDT. Furthermore, possible automation of the steering control has no significant effect on the measurements. On the contrary, the automation of brake input during TBDT results in enhanced performance and traffic awareness. The analysis of questionnaires shows a correlation between the expected safety benefit and the willingness of the pilots to hand over the speed control to an automated instance. The evaluation results allow for both the detection of the feasibility of the concept as well as for the formulation of advice regarding the aspired amount of automation. The thesis is complemented by recommendations regarding future development and research activities. |
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URN: | urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-87515 | ||||
Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): | 600 Technik, Medizin, angewandte Wissenschaften > 620 Ingenieurwissenschaften und Maschinenbau | ||||
Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): | 16 Fachbereich Maschinenbau 16 Fachbereich Maschinenbau > Fachgebiet für Flugsysteme und Regelungstechnik (FSR) 16 Fachbereich Maschinenbau > Fachgebiet für Flugsysteme und Regelungstechnik (FSR) > Flugverkehrsmanagement 16 Fachbereich Maschinenbau > Fachgebiet für Flugsysteme und Regelungstechnik (FSR) > Pilotenassistenzsystem 16 Fachbereich Maschinenbau > Fachgebiet für Flugsysteme und Regelungstechnik (FSR) > Sichere Systeme |
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Hinterlegungsdatum: | 14 Jul 2019 19:55 | ||||
Letzte Änderung: | 14 Jul 2019 19:55 | ||||
PPN: | |||||
Referenten: | Klingauf, Prof. Dr. Uwe ; Hecker, Prof. Dr. Peter | ||||
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: | 7 Mai 2019 | ||||
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