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Targeted Combination Therapy: Discovery and Evaluation of Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Anti-HER2-Duocarmycin Antibody-Drug Conjugates Combined with ATR Inhibitors

Rieker, Marcel (2020)
Targeted Combination Therapy: Discovery and Evaluation of Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Anti-HER2-Duocarmycin Antibody-Drug Conjugates Combined with ATR Inhibitors.
Technische Universität Darmstadt
doi: 10.25534/tuprints-00008615
Dissertation, Erstveröffentlichung

Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract)

While the global cancer burden is still high with 10 million people being diagnosed with cancer and 6 million cancer-related deaths yearly, academia and industry are developing more and more sophisticated therapies to combat cancer. One recent development are antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) which consist of an antibody portion that mediates tumor selectivity and a highly cytotoxic drug designed to efficiently kill cancer cells. The majority of ADCs in clinical trials today carries payloads targeting the cytoskeleton. However, microtubule-targeting agents often lack clinical efficacy and thus, drugs with other mode of actions are in focus of current ADC research. With Mylotarg and Besponsa for example two ADCs carrying DNA damaging agents are already approved and SYD985 an ADC carrying the DNA-alkylating agent duocarmycin is currently showing promising results in a clinical phase III study. Although ADCs have shown promising anticancer effects and often come along with a broadened therapeutic window compared to conventional chemotherapy, there is still room for improvement regarding e.g. saftey aspects. Establishment of combination therapy for ADCs might pose a strategy for increasing efficacy, diminish side-effects and slow down resistance development especially because single agent therapy has seldom been curative. This work aimed at the discovery of a synergistic drug combination that might enhance the efficacy of duocarmycin-based ADCs like the clinically evaluated ADC SYD985. Therefore, 17 DNA-damage response inhibitors (DDRis), potentially involved in the repair of duocarmycin-induced lesions, were selected based on literature and tested in in vitro models. HCC-1954 and MDA-MB-468 cancer cells were treated with a combination of the selected DDRis and duocarmycin and the antiproliferative effects of the combination treatment were compared to the effects of the single agents alone. These experiments clearly demonstrated that inhibitors of the kinase ATR, which plays a central role in the response to replication stress, synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of duocarmycin. This observation was additionally confirmed by treatment of ATR Knock-down cells with duocarmycin. Further drug combination experiments revealed the impact of structural features of different duocarmycins and ATR inhibtors on the synergism level. Besides studying the combinatorial effects of the small molecules alone, it was demonstrated that this combination effect could be translated to a targeted therapy approach like antibody-drug conjugates. Several duocarmycin based ADCs showed strong synergistic effects in combination with different ATR inhibitors in vitro as well as in vivo. rag2 mice bearing a HER2-expressing NCI-N87 tumor were treated with HER2-targeting duocarmycin-ADC and two different ATR inhibitors. The ATR inhibitors monotreatment showed very mild tumor growth inhibition while the treatment with the ADC at concentrations below the maximum effective dose led to a partial tumor response. The combination treatment, however, resulted in very strong anti-tumor effects while being well tolerated. The present study demonstrates the superiority of combining the targeted delivery of duocarmycin to the tumor using an anti-HER2-duocarmycin ADC with systemic application of ATR inhibitors over the treatment with the drugs as single agents. This might support endeavors of evaluating such combinations in a clinical setting.

Typ des Eintrags: Dissertation
Erschienen: 2020
Autor(en): Rieker, Marcel
Art des Eintrags: Erstveröffentlichung
Titel: Targeted Combination Therapy: Discovery and Evaluation of Synergistic Anticancer Effects of Anti-HER2-Duocarmycin Antibody-Drug Conjugates Combined with ATR Inhibitors
Sprache: Englisch
Referenten: Kolmar, Prof. Dr. Harald ; Hausch, Prof. Dr. Felix
Publikationsjahr: 7 Januar 2020
Ort: Darmstadt
Verlag: Shaker Verlag GmbH
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung: 15 Oktober 2018
DOI: 10.25534/tuprints-00008615
URL / URN: https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/8615
Kurzbeschreibung (Abstract):

While the global cancer burden is still high with 10 million people being diagnosed with cancer and 6 million cancer-related deaths yearly, academia and industry are developing more and more sophisticated therapies to combat cancer. One recent development are antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) which consist of an antibody portion that mediates tumor selectivity and a highly cytotoxic drug designed to efficiently kill cancer cells. The majority of ADCs in clinical trials today carries payloads targeting the cytoskeleton. However, microtubule-targeting agents often lack clinical efficacy and thus, drugs with other mode of actions are in focus of current ADC research. With Mylotarg and Besponsa for example two ADCs carrying DNA damaging agents are already approved and SYD985 an ADC carrying the DNA-alkylating agent duocarmycin is currently showing promising results in a clinical phase III study. Although ADCs have shown promising anticancer effects and often come along with a broadened therapeutic window compared to conventional chemotherapy, there is still room for improvement regarding e.g. saftey aspects. Establishment of combination therapy for ADCs might pose a strategy for increasing efficacy, diminish side-effects and slow down resistance development especially because single agent therapy has seldom been curative. This work aimed at the discovery of a synergistic drug combination that might enhance the efficacy of duocarmycin-based ADCs like the clinically evaluated ADC SYD985. Therefore, 17 DNA-damage response inhibitors (DDRis), potentially involved in the repair of duocarmycin-induced lesions, were selected based on literature and tested in in vitro models. HCC-1954 and MDA-MB-468 cancer cells were treated with a combination of the selected DDRis and duocarmycin and the antiproliferative effects of the combination treatment were compared to the effects of the single agents alone. These experiments clearly demonstrated that inhibitors of the kinase ATR, which plays a central role in the response to replication stress, synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of duocarmycin. This observation was additionally confirmed by treatment of ATR Knock-down cells with duocarmycin. Further drug combination experiments revealed the impact of structural features of different duocarmycins and ATR inhibtors on the synergism level. Besides studying the combinatorial effects of the small molecules alone, it was demonstrated that this combination effect could be translated to a targeted therapy approach like antibody-drug conjugates. Several duocarmycin based ADCs showed strong synergistic effects in combination with different ATR inhibitors in vitro as well as in vivo. rag2 mice bearing a HER2-expressing NCI-N87 tumor were treated with HER2-targeting duocarmycin-ADC and two different ATR inhibitors. The ATR inhibitors monotreatment showed very mild tumor growth inhibition while the treatment with the ADC at concentrations below the maximum effective dose led to a partial tumor response. The combination treatment, however, resulted in very strong anti-tumor effects while being well tolerated. The present study demonstrates the superiority of combining the targeted delivery of duocarmycin to the tumor using an anti-HER2-duocarmycin ADC with systemic application of ATR inhibitors over the treatment with the drugs as single agents. This might support endeavors of evaluating such combinations in a clinical setting.

Alternatives oder übersetztes Abstract:
Alternatives AbstractSprache

Jährlich werden 10 Millionen neue Fälle von Krebs diagnostiziert und gleichzeitig sterben 6 Million Menschen an der Krankheit. Deshalb werden durch akademische und industrielle Forschung immer ausgeklügeltere Therapien entwickelt um Krebs zu bekämpfen. Eine neue Entwicklung stellen Antikörper-Wirkstoff Konjugate (AWK) dar, die aus einem tumor-selektiven Antikörper und einem hochpotenten Toxin bestehen um zielgerecht und effizient Krebszellen zu töten. Die meisten AWKs in klinischer Erprobung nutzen dabei Wirkstoffe, die das Zellskelett angreifen. Problematisch ist jedoch, dass es diesen Molekülklassen oft an klinischer Wirksamkeit magelt, wodurch neue Wirkmechanismen gesucht werden. Die beiden bereits zugelassenen AWKs Mylotarg und Besponsa zum Beispiel nutzen DNA-schädigende Wirkstoffe und der in Phase III klinischer Erprobung befindliche AWK SYD985 ist der am weitesten fortgeschrittene AWK mit dem DNA-Alkylator Duocarmycin als Wirkstoff. Obwohl AWKs bereits vielversprechende Wirksamkeit gegen Krebs zeigen konnten und auch ein im Vergleich zu konventioneller Chemotherapie großes therapeutisches Fenster besitzen, gibt es dennoch viel Optimierungsbedarf. Die Etablierung einer Kombinationstherapie für AWKs könnte eine Strategie darstellen um die Wirksamkeit zu erhöhen, Nebeneffekte und auch Resistenzbildung zu verlangsamen, besonders da die Monotherapie zur Behandlung von Krebs bisher selten zur Heilung geführt hat. Die vorliegende Arbeit hat es sich deshalb zum Ziel gemacht, einen Kombinationspartner für Duocarmycin-basierte AWKs wie z.B. SYD985 zu finden, der die Wirksamkeit von Duocarmycin-AWKs synergistisch verstärken kann. Deshalb wurden 17 Inhibitoren der DNA-Schadensantwort selektiert und in in vitro Modellen getestet, die basierend auf Literaturdaten möglicherweise bei der Reparatur von Duocarmycin-induzierten DNA-Schäden beteiligt sind. HCC-1954 und MDA-MB-468 Krebszellen wurden mit einer Kombination von Inhibitoren der DNA-Schadensantwort und Duocarmycin behandelt und die zytostatischen Effekte der Kombination wurden mit denen der individuellen Wirkstoffe verglichen. Diese Experimente demonstrierten, dass Inhibitoren der ATR Kinase, die eine zentrale Rolle in der Reaktion auf Replikationsstress spielt, die zytotoxischen Effekte von Duocarmycin synergistisch verstärken können. Diese Beobachtung wurde durch das Herunterregulieren von ATR und anschließender Behandlung mit Duocarmycin bestätigt. Weitere Kombinationseffekte offenbarten den Einfluss der Struktur der Duocarmycine sowie der ATR Inhibitoren auf die synergistischen Effekte. Neben den Untersuchungen der Kombinationseffekte der kleinen Moleküle, konnten die Kombinationseffekte auch auf Kombinationen mit Molekülen der gerichteten Therapie übertragen werden wie z.B. AWKs. Dafür wurden mehrere Duocarmycin-AWKs hergestellt, die in Kombination mit ATR Inhibitoren synergistische Kombinationseffekte in vitro und in vivo zeigten. Rag2 Mäuse, die einen HER2-exprimierenden NCI-N87 Tumor trugen, wurden mit einem gegen HER2-gerichteten duocarmycin-AWK und zwei verschiedenen ATR Inhibitoren behandelt. Während die ATR Inhibitoren nahezu keinen Effekt auf das Tumorwachstum hatten, konnte der AWK unterhalb der maximalen effektiven Dosis bereits teilweise das Tumorwachstum inhibieren. Die Kombinationsbehandlung jedoch reduzierte stark die Tumorgröße und wurde gleichzeitig gut toleriert. Die vorliegende Arbeit demonstriert die Überlegenheit der Kombination aus zielgerechter Abgabe des Toxins Duocarmycin an den Tumor mittels anti-HER2-Duocarmycin AWK und systemischer Gabe von ATR Inhibitoren gegenüber der Behandlung mit den Molekülen als Monotherapie. Die Ergebnisse könnten Bestrebungen unterstützen, diese Kombination im klinischen Kontext zu untersuchen.

Deutsch
URN: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-86150
Sachgruppe der Dewey Dezimalklassifikatin (DDC): 500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 500 Naturwissenschaften
500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik > 540 Chemie
Fachbereich(e)/-gebiet(e): 07 Fachbereich Chemie
07 Fachbereich Chemie > Clemens-Schöpf-Institut > Fachgebiet Biochemie
07 Fachbereich Chemie > Clemens-Schöpf-Institut > Fachgebiet Biochemie > Allgemeine Biochemie
Hinterlegungsdatum: 12 Jan 2020 20:55
Letzte Änderung: 12 Jan 2020 20:55
PPN:
Referenten: Kolmar, Prof. Dr. Harald ; Hausch, Prof. Dr. Felix
Datum der mündlichen Prüfung / Verteidigung / mdl. Prüfung: 15 Oktober 2018
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